🧠 Introductory Macroeconomics – Class 12

📘 Chapter 1: Introduction

✅ 100% Exam-Focused Solutions
🎓 By Grandmaster Sir Bikram Sutradhar
🏫 Institute: bAstronautWay
🌐 Official Website: www.SirBikramSutradhar.com

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🔖 Main Headings with Explanations

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🟢 1. Meaning of Economics

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📘 CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION

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❓Question 1: What is the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics?

✅ Answer:

🔹 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics are two main branches of economics.

Let’s understand the difference in a simple way:

Point	Microeconomics	Macroeconomics
1. Meaning	Study of individual units in the economy.	Study of the entire economy.
2. Deals with	Consumers, firms, prices of one product, etc.	National income, inflation, unemployment, etc.
3. Objective	Understand how prices are set and how resources are used.	Understand how the economy grows and remains stable.
4. Example	Price of sugar, demand for mobile phones.	Total output of a country, general price level.
5. Usefulness	Helps businesses in decision-making.	Helps the government in making economic policies.

👉 Micro = Small scale
👉 Macro = Large scale

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❓Question 2: What are the important features of a capitalist economy?

✅ Answer:

A Capitalist Economy is also called a Free Market Economy, where private individuals own resources, and the main aim is profit.

🔑 Key Features:

1. ✅ Private Property
   1. All resources like land, machines, factories are privately owned.
   1. Example: A person owns a shop or factory.
2. ✅ Freedom of Enterprise
   1. People are free to choose any business or job.
   1. Example: You can start a café or a mobile shop freely.
3. ✅ Price Mechanism
   1. Prices are decided by demand and supply, not by the government.
4. ✅ Consumer Sovereignty
   1. “Consumer is king” – businesses produce what consumers want.
5. ✅ Profit Motive
   1. Main goal of producers is to earn profit.
6. ✅ No Government Interference
   1. Government does not control what or how much to produce.
7. ✅ Self-interest
   1. Everyone works for their own benefit, which helps in growth.

📌 Example: Countries like USA and UK follow capitalist economy.

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❓Question 3: Describe the four major sectors in an economy according to macroeconomics.

✅ Answer:

Macroeconomics divides the economy into 4 major sectors:

1. 🏠 Household Sector
   1. People or families who consume goods and services.
   1. They earn income and spend on goods, services, and pay taxes.
2. 🏭 Production Sector (Firms)
   1. Makes goods and services.
   1. Pays wages to households, taxes to the government, and imports goods.
3. 🏛️ Government Sector
   1. Collects taxes and provides public goods (roads, defense, education).
   1. Also gives subsidies or support when needed.
4. 🌍 External Sector
   1. Handles imports and exports.
   1. Example: India imports oil and exports textiles.

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❓Question 4: Describe the Great Depression of 1929.

✅ Answer:

The Great Depression was a global economic crisis that started in 1929 in the USA and lasted through the 1930s.

🔻 Key Points:

1. 📉 Started with: A big stock market crash in the USA in 1929.
2. 📊 GDP Fall: The global economy fell by around 15%.
3. 🧊 High Unemployment: Many people lost jobs.
4. 🏭 Factories Closed: Due to low demand.
5. 💰 Prices Dropped: Goods remained unsold.
6. 😟 Poverty Increased: No income, no jobs.

🔄 Causes (Easy Explanation):

• Too much production, but people were not buying (low demand).
• This caused goods to remain unsold, so factories stopped producing.
• As production stopped, workers lost jobs, leading to low income.
• This again led to less demand, and the cycle continued.

🔁 Flowchart of the Crisis:

Overproduction → Low Demand → Unsold Goods → Low Prices → Low Profits →

Layoffs → Low Income → Less Demand → More Problems

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🟢 2. Meaning of Microeconomics

📌 Microeconomics deals with individual parts of the economy such as:

• Individual consumers
• Firms
• Single market behavior

🧩 Examples:

• Price of one product (like sugar)
• Demand for mobile phones
• Supply of wheat by one farmer

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🟢 3. Meaning of Macroeconomics

📌 Macroeconomics deals with the entire economy. It studies overall:

• National income
• Unemployment
• Inflation
• Economic growth

🌐 Examples:

• India’s total GDP
• Inflation in the whole country
• Unemployment rate in the nation

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🟢 4. Difference Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Meaning	Study of individual units	Study of the economy as a whole
Focus	One consumer, firm, or product	National income, inflation, general employment
Objective	Price determination, resource allocation	Economic growth, price stability, employment
Example	Price of petrol, supply of mangoes	GDP of India, national unemployment rate
Usefulness	Helps in individual business decisions	Helps in forming government policies

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🟢 5. Features of a Capitalist Economy

📌 A Capitalist Economy is also known as a Free Market Economy, where:

• Most resources are privately owned
• There is minimum government interference
• The main aim is profit

🔑 Features (Point-wise):

1. ✅ Private Property: Individuals own land, factories, machines.
2. ✅ Freedom of Enterprise: Anyone can open a business.
3. ✅ Price Mechanism: Prices are decided by demand and supply.
4. ✅ Profit Motive: All producers aim to earn maximum profit.
5. ✅ Consumer Sovereignty: “Consumer is king” – they decide what is produced.
6. ✅ Minimal Government Role: Government rarely interferes in economic matters.
7. ✅ Self-Interest Driven: Everyone works for personal gain, which benefits the economy.

📍 Example:

Countries like USA, Australia, and Japan follow capitalist systems.

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🟢 6. Major Sectors of the Economy (Macroeconomic View)

📌 According to macroeconomics, the economy is divided into 4 major sectors:

1. 🏠 Household Sector
   • Consumers of goods and services
   • Earn income, spend on goods, and pay taxes
2. 🏭 Production Sector (Firms)
   • Produces goods and services
   • Pays wages, rents, and imports raw materials
3. 🏛️ Government Sector
   • Collects taxes

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Full Stack Developer and 5-Time World Record Holder, Grandmaster Bikram Sutradhar

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Written By

Full Stack Developer and 5-Time World Record Holder, Grandmaster Bikram Sutradhar

bAstronautWay

SirBikramSutradhar on YouTube                                                               

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ICSE CLASS 10 ICSE CLASS 10 BIOLOGY BASTRONAUTWAY SirBikramSutradhar Bikram Sutradhar GrandMaster Bikram Sutradhar selina biology solutions ICSE Biology Selina Solution

📚 Class 9 Science – Complete Table of Contents (विषय-सूची)

CBSE | NCERT Curriculum | Bilingual (English + Hindi)
By Grandmaster Bikram Sutradhar | SirBikramSutradhar | BASTRONAUTWAY

🔬 PHYSICS (भौतिक विज्ञान)

🔢	Chapter Title (English)	अध्याय का नाम (हिंदी)	Page No.
1️⃣	Motion	गति
2️⃣	Force and Laws of Motion	बल तथा गति के नियम
3️⃣	Gravitation	गुरुत्वाकर्षण
4️⃣	Work and Energy	कार्य तथा ऊर्जा
5️⃣	Sound	ध्वनि

🧪 CHEMISTRY (रसायन विज्ञान)

🔢	Chapter Title (English)	अध्याय का नाम (हिंदी)	Page No.
1️⃣	Matter in Our Surroundings	हमारे आस-पास के पदार्थ
2️⃣	Is Matter Around Us Pure?	क्या हमारे आस-पास के पदार्थ शुद्ध हैं?
3️⃣	Atoms and Molecules	परमाणु एवं अणु
4️⃣	Structure of the Atom	परमाणु की संरचना

🧬 BIOLOGY (जीव विज्ञान)

🔢	Chapter Title (English)	अध्याय का नाम (हिंदी)	Page No.
1️⃣	The Fundamental Unit of Life	जीवन की मौलिक इकाई
2️⃣	Tissues	ऊतक
3️⃣	Improvement in Food Resources	धनों में सुधार

📘 ADDITIONAL SECTIONS (अतिरिक्त अनुभाग)

📖 Section	Title (English + Hindi)
🔹	Glossary / पारिभाषिक शब्दावली
🔹	Answer Keys / उत्तरमाला
🔹	Summary / सारांश
🔹	Important Diagrams / महत्वपूर्ण चित्र
🔹	NCERT Exercises / एनसीईआरटी अभ्यास
🔹	Sample Papers & MCQs / मॉडल पेपर व वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

✅ All content follows the official NCERT Class 9 Science textbook structure. Each chapter will include explanations, bilingual notes, definitions, diagrams, MCQs, FAQs, and practice exercises under the BASTRONAUTWAY learning system.

class 10 Maths ncert solution.

CBSE Class 10 Mathematics (2025) NCERT Syllabus:

CBSE Class 10 Mathematics NCERT Syllabus (2025) – Chapter-Wise List

CBSE Class 10 Mathematics NCERT Syllabus (2025) – Chapter-Wise List

chapter 1. Real Numbers

chapter 2. Polynomials

chapter 3.  Linear Equations

chapter 4. Quadratic Equations

chapter 5. Arithmetic Progressions

chapter 6. Triangles

chapter 7. Coordinate Geometry

chapter 8. Introduction to Trigonometry

chapter 9. Some Applications of Trigonometry

chapter 10. Circles

chapter 11. Areas Related to Circles

chapter 12. Surface Areas and Volumes

chapter 13. Statistics

chapter 14. Probability

CBSE Class 10 Science (2025) NCERT Syllabus:

CBSE Class 10 Science NCERT Syllabus (2025) – Chapter-Wise List

CBSE Class 10 Science NCERT Syllabus (2025) – Chapter-Wise List

Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations 
Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts 
Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals 
Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds 
Chapter 5 Life Processes 
Chapter 6 Control and Coordination 
Chapter 7 How do Organisms Reproduce? 
Chapter 8 Heredity 
Chapter 9 Light – Reflection and Refraction 
Chapter 10 The Human Eye and the Colourful World 
Chapter 11 Electricity 
Chapter 12 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 
Chapter 13 Our Environment

📖 Chapter 12 – Organic Chemistry (Selina Textbook)

Table of Contents:

• 12A. Organic Compounds
• 12B. Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
• 12C. Hydrocarbons: Alkenes
• 12D. Hydrocarbons: Alkynes
• 12E. Alcohols
• 12F. Carboxylic Acids
• Exercise 12 MISCELLANEOUS
• Glossary
• Model Question Paper –

📌 Exercise 12 MISCELLANEOUS – Focus Areas:

• 🧬 Consolidated practice from the entire Organic Chemistry chapter
• 🧪 Application-based questions covering alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids
• 🧾 Writing structural formulas and chemical equations
• 💡 Distinguishing reactions, isomer identification, and conversions
• 📘 Full-syllabus revision to boost conceptual clarity and board exam readiness

Each question in this section is designed to:

• ✅ Strengthen cross-topic understanding
• 📝 Prepare students for application-based and reasoning-based questions
• 🧠 Improve problem-solving speed and exam performance

 class 5

📚 Class 9 Science – Complete Table of Contents (विषय-सूची)

CBSE | NCERT Curriculum | Bilingual (English + Hindi)
By Grandmaster Bikram Sutradhar | SirBikramSutradhar | BASTRONAUTWAY

🔬 PHYSICS (भौतिक विज्ञान)

🔢	Chapter Title (English)	अध्याय का नाम (हिंदी)	Page No.
1️⃣	Motion	गति
2️⃣	Force and Laws of Motion	बल तथा गति के नियम
3️⃣	Gravitation	गुरुत्वाकर्षण
4️⃣	Work and Energy	कार्य तथा ऊर्जा
5️⃣	Sound	ध्वनि

🧪 CHEMISTRY (रसायन विज्ञान)

🔢	Chapter Title (English)	अध्याय का नाम (हिंदी)	Page No.
1️⃣	Matter in Our Surroundings	हमारे आस-पास के पदार्थ
2️⃣	Is Matter Around Us Pure?	क्या हमारे आस-पास के पदार्थ शुद्ध हैं?
3️⃣	Atoms and Molecules	परमाणु एवं अणु
4️⃣	Structure of the Atom	परमाणु की संरचना

🧬 BIOLOGY (जीव विज्ञान)

🔢	Chapter Title (English)	अध्याय का नाम (हिंदी)	Page No.
1️⃣	The Fundamental Unit of Life	जीवन की मौलिक इकाई
2️⃣	Tissues	ऊतक
3️⃣	Improvement in Food Resources	धनों में सुधार