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The Digestive System: Comprehensive Solutions for Selina Class 9 Biology

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE

[a] (iii) stomach into intestine

The pylorus is the opening that connects the stomach to the small intestine, explaining its role in regulating the flow of partially digested food into the intestine.

ā¤Ēā¤žā¤‡ā¤˛āĨ‹ā¤°ā¤¸ ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤‰ā¤ĻāĨā¤˜ā¤žā¤Ÿā¤¨ ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤œāĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤• ā¤°āĨ‚ā¤Ē ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤Ēā¤šāĨ‡ ā¤šāĨā¤ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ĩā¤žā¤š ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[b] (i) HCl and pepsin

Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin, explaining how these components work together to break down proteins in food into smaller peptides.

ā¤—āĨˆā¤¸āĨā¤ŸāĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤œāĨ‚ā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤šā¤žā¤‡ā¤ĄāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤•āĨā¤˛āĨ‹ā¤°ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤ā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤Ą (HCl) ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤ĒāĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤ļā¤žā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯āĨ‡ ā¤¤ā¤¤āĨā¤ĩ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ‡ ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤ĒāĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤‡ā¤ĄāĨā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤•āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤•ā¤° ā¤•ā¤žā¤Ž ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

[c] (iii) colon

Most of the water from digested food is absorbed in the colon, explaining its importance in maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance in the body.

ā¤Ēā¤šāĨ‡ ā¤šāĨā¤ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤§ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤‚ā¤ļ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¨āĨ€ ā¤ŦāĨƒā¤šā¤Ļā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ļā¤°āĨ€ā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤œā¤˛ā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤‡ā¤˛āĨ‡ā¤•āĨā¤ŸāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤˛ā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤˛ā¤¨ ā¤Ŧā¤¨ā¤žā¤ ā¤°ā¤–ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤Ļ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[d] (iii) Premolars, molars – Grinding

Premolars and molars are types of teeth specifically adapted for grinding food, explaining their role in the mechanical digestion process.

ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤ŽāĨ‹ā¤˛ā¤° ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‹ā¤˛ā¤° ā¤Ļā¤žā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ‡ā¤ˇ ā¤°āĨ‚ā¤Ē ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨ€ā¤¸ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤•āĨ‚ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤žā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[e] (ii) Enamel

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, which highlights its vital function in protecting teeth from decay and damage.

: ā¤ā¤¨ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤˛ ā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ā¤ĩ ā¤ļā¤°āĨ€ā¤° ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¸ā¤Ŧā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤ āĨ‹ā¤° ā¤Ēā¤Ļā¤žā¤°āĨā¤Ĩ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤žā¤‚ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¨ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¨āĨā¤•ā¤¸ā¤žā¤¨ ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤Ŧā¤šā¤žā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤ŋā¤¤ā¤¨āĨ€ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤­ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[f] (iii) Premolars

Premolars, also known as bicuspids, have two cusps and are used for crushing and tearing food, explaining their specific function in the digestive process.

ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤ŽāĨ‹ā¤˛ā¤°, ā¤œā¤ŋā¤¨āĨā¤šāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤¯ā¤•ā¤¸ā¤Ēā¤ŋā¤Ą ā¤­āĨ€ ā¤•ā¤šā¤ž ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĻāĨ‹ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤Ÿā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¯āĨ‡ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤•āĨā¤šā¤˛ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤Ģā¤žā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤‰ā¤Ēā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤— ā¤•ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤œā¤žā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ‡ā¤ˇ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤¯ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[g] (ii) 35 deg to 40 deg * C

Enzymes function best within a temperature range of 35 to 40 degrees Celsius, explaining why this range optimizes their activity.

ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž 35 ā¤¸āĨ‡ 40 ā¤Ąā¤ŋā¤—āĨā¤°āĨ€ ā¤¸āĨ‡ā¤˛āĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤¸ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¤ā¤žā¤Ēā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ ā¤¸āĨ€ā¤Žā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤­āĨ€ā¤¤ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤Ŧā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤šāĨā¤›ā¤ž ā¤•ā¤žā¤Ž ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨ€ā¤Žā¤ž ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤—ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤§ā¤ŋ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤…ā¤§ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤¤ā¤Ž ā¤•āĨā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[h] (i) Humans

Heterodont dentition, which includes different types of teeth for various functions, is characteristic of humans, explaining their diverse dietary needs.

ā¤šāĨ‡ā¤ŸāĨ‡ā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ĄāĨ‡ā¤‚ā¤Ÿ ā¤Ļā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤–āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ā¤‚, ā¤œā¤ŋā¤¸ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤­ā¤ŋā¤¨āĨā¤¨ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤­ā¤ŋā¤¨āĨā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤° ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Ļā¤žā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤Žā¤¨āĨā¤ˇāĨā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ‡ā¤ˇā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤§ ā¤†ā¤šā¤žā¤° ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤Ŧā¤‚ā¤§āĨ€ ā¤†ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤¤ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[i] (i) Sucrase

Sucrase is not found in pancreatic juice, explaining that pancreatic juice contains other enzymes like amylase, trypsin, and steapsin that aid digestion.

ā¤¸āĨā¤•āĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤œ ā¤…ā¤—āĨā¤¨āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ļā¤¯ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤°ā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¨ā¤šāĨ€ā¤‚ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤…ā¤—āĨā¤¨āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ļā¤¯ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤°ā¤¸ ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤¯ ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤œāĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛āĨ‡ā¤œ, ā¤ŸāĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤ĒāĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨, ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¸āĨā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤Ēā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤šā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸ā¤šā¤žā¤¯ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

[j] (ii) Glycogenesis

Glycogenesis is the process by which excess glucose is converted into glycogen for storage, explaining its significance in energy regulation.

ā¤—āĨā¤˛ā¤žā¤‡ā¤•āĨ‹ā¤œāĨ‡ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¸ ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œā¤ŋā¤¸ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤°ā¤ž ā¤…ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤°ā¤ŋā¤•āĨā¤¤ ā¤—āĨā¤˛āĨ‚ā¤•āĨ‹ā¤œ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤—āĨā¤˛ā¤žā¤‡ā¤•āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤—āĨā¤°ā¤šā¤Ŗ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤Ēā¤°ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤°āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Šā¤°āĨā¤œā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

C. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE

[1] formula is 2-1-2-3/2-1-2-3

[2] Two reflexes involved in digestion are salivation and peristalsis.

ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ļā¤žā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛ ā¤ĻāĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ā¤‚ ā¤˛ā¤žā¤° ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¸āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ĩ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¸āĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤˛āĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¸ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

[3] (ii) Both statements are incorrect.

(ii) ā¤ĻāĨ‹ā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤šāĨ€ ā¤Ŧā¤¯ā¤žā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤—ā¤˛ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸āĨā¤¤ā¤ĩ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ŧā¤Ąā¤ŧāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤‚ā¤ŦāĨ€ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤•āĨ€ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[4]

(a) (iv) Starch

ā¤ĒāĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤‡ā¤˛ā¤žā¤‡ā¤¨, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤˛ā¤žā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤°āĨā¤š ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤¯ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(b) (v) Casein

ā¤°āĨ‡ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤ĻāĨ‚ā¤§ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤ āĨ‹ā¤¸ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤Ļ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ‡ā¤ˇā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(c) (i) Proteins and peptides

ā¤ā¤°āĨ‡ā¤ĒāĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤ĒāĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤‡ā¤ĄāĨā¤¸ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ļā¤°āĨ€ā¤° ā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤°ā¤ž ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤‰ā¤Ēā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤— ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤­ā¤ĩ ā¤Ŧā¤¨ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(d) (ii) Emulsified fat

ā¤¸āĨā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤Ēā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤ĩā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤‡ā¤Žā¤˛āĨā¤¸āĨ€ā¤Ģā¤žā¤ˆ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤šā¤žā¤¯ā¤• ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(e) (iii) Protein

ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤ĒāĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤ā¤• ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤šā¤žā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤Ļ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[5]

(a). digestive system mainly consists of the 

{ gastrointestinal tract and a variety of digestive glands} .

ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤¤ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤ŽāĨā¤–āĨā¤¯ā¤¤ā¤ƒ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤žā¤°āĨā¤— ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤­ā¤ŋā¤¨āĨā¤¨ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤—āĨā¤°ā¤‚ā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤Ŧā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(b) The three digestive glands are the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver, which play crucial roles in digestion.

ā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤—āĨā¤°ā¤‚ā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤‚ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚: ā¤˛ā¤žā¤° ā¤—āĨā¤°ā¤‚ā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤‚, ā¤…ā¤—āĨā¤¨āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ļā¤¯, ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¯ā¤•āĨƒā¤¤, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤­ā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

c) The three pairs of salivary glands consist of parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.

ā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤œāĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧāĨ€ ā¤˛ā¤žā¤° ā¤—āĨā¤°ā¤‚ā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĒāĨˆā¤°āĨ‹ā¤Ÿā¤ŋā¤Ą, ā¤¸ā¤Ŧā¤ŽāĨˆā¤‚ā¤Ąā¤ŋā¤ŦāĨā¤˛ā¤°, ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤Ŧā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤‚ā¤—āĨā¤…ā¤˛ ā¤ļā¤žā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

(d) The small intestine is divided into three sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤­ā¤žā¤—āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤‚ā¤Ÿā¤ž ā¤—ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ: ā¤ĄāĨā¤“ā¤ĄāĨ‡ā¤¨ā¤Ž, ā¤œāĨ‡ā¤œāĨā¤¨ā¤Ž, ā¤”ā¤° ā¤‡ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ŽāĨ¤

(e) three separate sections: the cecum, colon, and rectum.

ā¤Ŧā¤Ąā¤ŧāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤…ā¤˛ā¤— ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚: ā¤¸āĨ‡ā¤•ā¤Ž, ā¤•āĨ‰ā¤˛ā¤¨, ā¤”ā¤° ā¤°āĨ‡ā¤•āĨā¤Ÿā¤Ž, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤¤ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

[6]

(a) Odd one out: Steapsin (Others are proteolytic enzymes).

ā¤…ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤¯: ā¤¸āĨā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤Ēā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ (ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤¯ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤Ÿā¤ŋā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤˛ā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ÿā¤ŋā¤• ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ĩā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤šā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œā¤Ŧā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤¯ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹)āĨ¤

((b) Odd one out: Peptidase (Others are enzymes that break down carbohydrates).

ā¤…ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤¯: ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤ĒāĨā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤ĄāĨ‡ā¤œ (ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤¯ ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤ŦāĨ‹ā¤šā¤žā¤‡ā¤ĄāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤˛āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤šā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ)āĨ¤

(c) Odd one out: Starch (Others are simple sugars).

ā¤…ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤¯: ā¤¸āĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤°āĨā¤š (ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤¯ ā¤¸ā¤°ā¤˛ ā¤ļā¤°āĨā¤•ā¤°ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤œā¤Ÿā¤ŋā¤˛ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤ŦāĨ‹ā¤šā¤žā¤‡ā¤ĄāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤šāĨˆ)āĨ¤

(d) Odd one out: Colon (Others are sections of the small intestine).

ā¤…ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤¯: ā¤•āĨ‰ā¤˛ā¤¨ (ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤¯ ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ‡ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤•āĨ‰ā¤˛ā¤¨ ā¤Ŧā¤Ąā¤ŧāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤­ā¤žā¤— ā¤šāĨˆ)āĨ¤

(e) Odd one out: Palate (Others are parts of a tooth).

ā¤…ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤¯: ā¤¤ā¤žā¤˛āĨ (ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤¯ ā¤Ļā¤žā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤­ā¤žā¤— ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¤ā¤žā¤˛āĨ ā¤ŽāĨā¤ā¤š ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤šā¤ŋā¤¸āĨā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ)āĨ¤

C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE

[1]

(a) Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller, absorbable components through mechanical and chemical means, explaining how the body utilizes nutrients.

ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œā¤ŋā¤¸ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ‡, ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤˛āĨ‡ ā¤­ā¤žā¤—āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤ž ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤ļā¤°āĨ€ā¤° ā¤ĒāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤• ā¤¤ā¤¤āĨā¤ĩāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤‰ā¤Ēā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤— ā¤•āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(b) Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body, explaining their essential role in digestion and metabolism.

ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤œāĨˆā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤• ā¤‰ā¤¤āĨā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤°ā¤• ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ļā¤°āĨ€ā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤°ā¤žā¤¸ā¤žā¤¯ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‡ā¤œ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤ĩāĨ‡ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤šā¤¯ā¤žā¤Ēā¤šā¤¯ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤ŋā¤¤ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

(c) Peristalsis is the series of rhythmic muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system, illustrating the process by which food is propelled along the digestive tract.

ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¸āĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤˛āĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¸ ā¤˛ā¤¯ā¤Ŧā¤ĻāĨā¤§ ā¤Žā¤žā¤‚ā¤¸ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤•āĨā¤šā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ā¤• ā¤ļāĨā¤°āĨƒā¤‚ā¤–ā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤Ŗā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤Ž ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤†ā¤—āĨ‡ ā¤Ŧā¤ĸā¤ŧā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨā¤ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤¤ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤§ā¤•āĨ‡ā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(d) Dentition refers to the arrangement and types of teeth in the mouth, explaining how they are adapted for different functions in the process of eating.

ā¤Ļā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤–āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨā¤ā¤š ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ļā¤žā¤‚ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ž ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤° ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤Ļā¤°āĨā¤­ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯āĨ‡ ā¤–ā¤žā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤­ā¤ŋā¤¨āĨā¤¨ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤•āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤•āĨ‚ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

(e) Defaecation is the process of eliminating waste material from the digestive system, explaining how the body gets rid of indigestible substances.

ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤¸ā¤°āĨā¤œā¤¨ ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œā¤ŋā¤¸ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤¤ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤Ēā¤ļā¤ŋā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤—āĨā¤°āĨ€ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤ļā¤°āĨ€ā¤° ā¤Ēā¤šā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤—āĨā¤¯ ā¤Ēā¤Ļā¤žā¤°āĨā¤ĨāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤•āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤˛ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[2] The end-products of digestion are: Starch → Glucose, Proteins → Amino acids, Fats → Fatty acids and glycerol.

ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤‰ā¤¤āĨā¤Ēā¤žā¤Ļ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚: ā¤¸āĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤°āĨā¤š → ā¤—āĨā¤˛āĨ‚ā¤•āĨ‹ā¤œ, ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ → ā¤ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤¨āĨ‹ ā¤ā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤Ą, ā¤ĩā¤¸ā¤ž → ā¤ĩā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤ŽāĨā¤˛ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤—āĨā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤¸ā¤°āĨ‰ā¤˛āĨ¤

[3]

(a) The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, explaining its position in relation to other organs.

ā¤¯ā¤•āĨƒā¤¤ ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Šā¤Ēā¤°āĨ€ ā¤Ļā¤žā¤ā¤‚ ā¤šā¤ŋā¤¸āĨā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤¯ ā¤…ā¤‚ā¤—āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤•āĨā¤ˇ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(b) The submandibular gland is located beneath the lower jaw, explaining its role in saliva production.

ā¤¸ā¤Ŧā¤ŽāĨˆā¤‚ā¤Ąā¤ŋā¤ŦāĨā¤˛ā¤° ā¤—āĨā¤°ā¤‚ā¤Ĩā¤ŋ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤šā¤˛āĨ‡ ā¤œā¤Ŧā¤Ąā¤ŧāĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¨āĨ€ā¤šāĨ‡ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤˛ā¤žā¤° ā¤‰ā¤¤āĨā¤Ēā¤žā¤Ļā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(c) The pylorus is located at the end of the stomach, explaining its function in controlling the passage of food to the small intestine.

ā¤Ēā¤žā¤‡ā¤˛āĨ‹ā¤°ā¤¸ ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤žā¤°āĨā¤— ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(d) The pancreas is located behind the stomach, highlighting its crucial role in both digestion and hormone regulation.

ā¤…ā¤—āĨā¤¨āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ļā¤¯ ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤ĒāĨ€ā¤›āĨ‡ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤šā¤žā¤°āĨā¤ŽāĨ‹ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤Žā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤œā¤žā¤—ā¤° ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(e) The caecum is located at the beginning of the large intestine, explaining its role in the digestive system.

ā¤¸āĨ‡ā¤•ā¤Ž ā¤Ŧā¤Ąā¤ŧāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ļāĨā¤°āĨā¤†ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤¤ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[4]

(a) The rectum stores feces until they are expelled, explaining its function in the elimination of waste.

ā¤°āĨ‡ā¤•āĨā¤Ÿā¤Ž ā¤Žā¤˛ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤ā¤Ŧ ā¤¤ā¤• ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤—āĨā¤°ā¤šāĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œā¤Ŧ ā¤¤ā¤• ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤‰ā¤¨āĨā¤šāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤¨ā¤šāĨ€ā¤‚ ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤…ā¤Ēā¤ļā¤ŋā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(b) Gastric juice helps in digestion by breaking down proteins and killing bacteria, explaining its importance in the stomach.

ā¤—āĨˆā¤¸āĨā¤ŸāĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤œāĨ‚ā¤¸ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ŦāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Žā¤žā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤Ļ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(c) The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, explaining its protective role in the respiratory system.

ā¤ā¤Ēā¤ŋā¤—āĨā¤˛āĨ‰ā¤Ÿā¤ŋā¤¸ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤—ā¤˛ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤ĻāĨŒā¤°ā¤žā¤¨ ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤ļāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸ā¤¨ā¤˛āĨ€ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤œā¤žā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤°āĨ‹ā¤•ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ļāĨā¤ĩā¤¸ā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤Ŗā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤¸āĨā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(d) The tongue aids in tasting, mixing food with saliva, and swallowing, explaining its multifaceted role in digestion.

ā¤œāĨ€ā¤­ ā¤šā¤–ā¤¨āĨ‡, ā¤­āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤˛ā¤žā¤° ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Ĩ ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤¨āĨ‡, ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤—ā¤˛ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤Ļ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤Ŧā¤šāĨā¤Ēā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(e) The small intestine is where most nutrient absorption occurs, explaining its vital role in digestion and overall health.

ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤žā¤¨ ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œā¤šā¤žā¤‚ ā¤…ā¤§ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤‚ā¤ļ ā¤ĒāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤• ā¤¤ā¤¤āĨā¤ĩāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤Ŗ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤—āĨā¤° ā¤¸āĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸āĨā¤ĨāĨā¤¯ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[5]

(a) Roughage is indigestible fiber that aids in digestion by adding bulk to stool, explaining its importance in a healthy diet.

ā¤°ā¤ĢāĨ‡ā¤œ ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤…ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤Ģā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ŧā¤° ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Žā¤˛ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ž ā¤œāĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤•ā¤° ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤Ļ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ā¤• ā¤¸āĨā¤ĩā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩ ā¤†ā¤šā¤žā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

(b) Examples of roughage include fruits and vegetables, explaining their role in maintaining digestive health.

ā¤°ā¤ĢāĨ‡ā¤œ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤‰ā¤Ļā¤žā¤šā¤°ā¤ŖāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ģā¤˛ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤ŦāĨā¤œā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ ā¤ļā¤žā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤¸āĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸āĨā¤ĨāĨā¤¯ ā¤Ŧā¤¨ā¤žā¤ ā¤°ā¤–ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤

[6]

The ileum has two key adaptations for absorption: (1) Villi increase the surface area available for absorption, enhancing its efficiency. (2) The rich blood supply allows for quick transport of absorbed nutrients into the bloodstream, explaining its role in nutrient distribution.

ā¤‡ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤Ž ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤Ŗ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤ĻāĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ŽāĨā¤– ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤•āĨ‚ā¤˛ā¤¨ ā¤šāĨˆ: (1) ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤˛āĨ€ ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤Ŗ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤¸ā¤¤ā¤š ā¤•āĨā¤ˇāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Ŧā¤ĸā¤ŧā¤žā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œā¤ŋā¤¸ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤Ļā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸āĨā¤§ā¤žā¤° ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ (2) ā¤¸ā¤ŽāĨƒā¤ĻāĨā¤§ ā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤¤ ā¤†ā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤ĒāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤• ā¤¤ā¤¤āĨā¤ĩāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤¤ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ĩā¤žā¤š ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤Ēā¤°ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤šā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤Žā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤ĻāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤• ā¤¤ā¤¤āĨā¤ĩāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[7] The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment, explaining its role in activating enzymes and killing harmful bacteria.

ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤šā¤žā¤‡ā¤ĄāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤•āĨā¤˛āĨ‹ā¤°ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤ā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤Ą ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¸āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ĩ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤¤ā¤žā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤• ā¤…ā¤ŽāĨā¤˛āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤¤ā¤žā¤ĩā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤Ŧā¤¨ā¤žā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤œā¤ž ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ‡, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤ŽāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸ā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤šā¤žā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤• ā¤ŦāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤Žā¤žā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

D. LONG ANSWER TYPE

[1] Enzymes function as biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in the body without being depleted in the process. They have specific shapes that allow them to bind to substrates, explaining their specificity and efficiency in catalyzing reactions.

ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤œāĨˆā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤• ā¤‰ā¤¤āĨā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤°ā¤• ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤°āĨ‚ā¤Ē ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤¯ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ļā¤°āĨ€ā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤°ā¤žā¤¸ā¤žā¤¯ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‡ā¤œāĨ€ ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤Ŧā¤ĸā¤ŧā¤žā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤Ŧā¤ŋā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤–āĨā¤Ļ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤–ā¤¤āĨā¤Ž ā¤•ā¤ŋā¤āĨ¤ ā¤‡ā¤¨ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļā¤ŋā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤†ā¤•ā¤žā¤° ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤¨āĨā¤šāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸ā¤ŦāĨā¤¸ā¤ŸāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Ĩ ā¤Ŧā¤‚ā¤§ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤…ā¤¨āĨā¤Žā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤ĻāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļā¤ŋā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤¤āĨā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ļā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[2] The small intestine is the most important organ of the digestive system because it is the primary site for digestion and absorption of nutrients. Its length and surface area, increased by villi and microvilli, explain its efficiency in nutrient uptake.

ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤¤ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¸ā¤Ŧā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤…ā¤‚ā¤— ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•āĨā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ĒāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤• ā¤¤ā¤¤āĨā¤ĩāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤Ŗ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤Ĩā¤Žā¤ŋā¤• ā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤žā¤¨ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤˛ā¤‚ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤ˆ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤¤ā¤š ā¤•āĨā¤ˇāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨā¤°, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤˛āĨ€ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤Žā¤žā¤‡ā¤•āĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤˛āĨ€ ā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤°ā¤ž ā¤Ŧā¤ĸā¤ŧā¤žā¤ˆ ā¤œā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ĒāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤• ā¤¤ā¤¤āĨā¤ĩāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤Ŗ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ļā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[3] The liver is essential for metabolism, detoxifying harmful substances, and producing bile.. It helps regulate blood sugar levels and stores vitamins and minerals, explaining its importance in maintaining overall health.

ā¤¯ā¤•āĨƒā¤¤ ā¤šā¤¯ā¤žā¤Ēā¤šā¤¯, ā¤šā¤žā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤• ā¤Ēā¤Ļā¤žā¤°āĨā¤ĨāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ˇā¤šā¤°ā¤Ŗ, ā¤”ā¤° ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤‡ā¤˛ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤‰ā¤¤āĨā¤Ēā¤žā¤Ļā¤¨ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤†ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨā¤¯ā¤• ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤°ā¤•āĨā¤¤ ā¤ļā¤°āĨā¤•ā¤°ā¤ž ā¤¸āĨā¤¤ā¤° ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤‚ā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤Ļ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤Ÿā¤žā¤Žā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤”ā¤° ā¤–ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤œāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤—āĨā¤°ā¤šāĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤—āĨā¤° ā¤¸āĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸āĨā¤ĨāĨā¤¯ ā¤Ŧā¤¨ā¤žā¤ ā¤°ā¤–ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[4] Enzymes in the stomach include pepsin, which breaks down proteins; gastric lipase, which acts on fats; and rennin, which curdles milk. In the small intestine, enzymes like amylase digest carbohydrates, trypsin breaks down proteins, and lipase acts on fats, explaining the specific roles each enzyme plays in digestion.

ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤ŽāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤ĒāĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤ļā¤žā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ; ā¤—āĨˆā¤¸āĨā¤ŸāĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤œ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĩā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤Ēā¤° ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤¯ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ; ā¤”ā¤° ā¤°āĨ‡ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¨, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĻāĨ‚ā¤§ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤ āĨ‹ā¤¸ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤›āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ ā¤†ā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚, ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤œāĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤˛āĨ‡ā¤œ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤ŦāĨ‹ā¤šā¤žā¤‡ā¤ĄāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤ŸāĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤ĒāĨā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤”ā¤° ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤œ ā¤ĩā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤Ēā¤° ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤¯ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤āĨā¤¯āĨ‡ā¤• ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤…ā¤Ēā¤¨āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļā¤ŋā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤­āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤­ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[5] To test for starch, use iodine solution; if it turns blue-black, starch is present, explaining the chemical reaction that occurs. For proteins, use biuret reagent; if it turns violet, proteins are present, explaining the reaction between the reagent and peptide bonds.

ā¤¸āĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤°āĨā¤š ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤‰ā¤Ēā¤¸āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤œā¤žā¤‚ā¤š ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤†ā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤ĄāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤§ā¤žā¤¨ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤‰ā¤Ēā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤— ā¤•ā¤°āĨ‡ā¤‚; ā¤¯ā¤Ļā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¨āĨ€ā¤˛ā¤ž-ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ‹ ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤¤āĨ‹ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤…ā¤°āĨā¤Ĩ ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤°āĨā¤š ā¤ŽāĨŒā¤œāĨ‚ā¤Ļ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤¸ ā¤°ā¤žā¤¸ā¤žā¤¯ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤, ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤¯āĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ā¤…ā¤­ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤°āĨā¤Žā¤• ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤‰ā¤Ēā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤— ā¤•ā¤°āĨ‡ā¤‚; ā¤¯ā¤Ļā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ŦāĨˆā¤‚ā¤—ā¤¨āĨ€ ā¤šāĨ‹ ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤¤āĨ‹ ā¤‡ā¤¸ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤…ā¤°āĨā¤Ĩ ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤•ā¤ŋ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤ŽāĨŒā¤œāĨ‚ā¤Ļ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤…ā¤­ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤°āĨā¤Žā¤• ā¤”ā¤° ā¤ĒāĨ‡ā¤ĒāĨā¤Ÿā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ą ā¤Ŧā¤‚ā¤§ā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤ŦāĨ€ā¤š ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸āĨā¤Ēā¤ˇāĨā¤Ÿ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

JUMBLED SPELLINGS

[i] Tiger

ā¤Ēā¤ļāĨ-ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤­āĨā¤¤āĨā¤ĩ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤•āĨ‡ā¤¤ ā¤ĻāĨ‡ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤ā¤• ā¤ļā¤ŦāĨā¤ĻāĨ¤

[ii] Anemia

ā¤ĢāĨ‹ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤• ā¤ā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤Ą ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤•ā¤ŽāĨ€ ā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤Ŧā¤‚ā¤§ā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤¸āĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸āĨā¤ĨāĨā¤¯ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¸āĨā¤¯ā¤žāĨ¤

[iii] Pepsin

ā¤ā¤• ā¤Ēā¤žā¤šā¤¨ ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤ŸāĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[iv] Dentin

ā¤Ļā¤žā¤‚ā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ā¤• ā¤­ā¤žā¤— ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤¨ā¤•āĨ€ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤°ā¤šā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚ā¤°āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[v] Lacteals

ā¤ĩā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤•āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤ŽāĨā¤˛āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤…ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤ŋā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤°ā¤šā¤¨ā¤žā¤ā¤āĨ¤

[vi] Maltase

ā¤ā¤• ā¤ā¤‚ā¤œā¤žā¤‡ā¤Ž ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤Žā¤žā¤˛āĨā¤ŸāĨ‹ā¤œ ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¸ā¤°ā¤˛ ā¤ļā¤°āĨā¤•ā¤°ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[vii] Liver

ā¤ā¤• ā¤…ā¤‚ā¤— ā¤œāĨ‹ ā¤…ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤°ā¤ŋā¤•āĨā¤¤ ā¤ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤¨āĨ‹ ā¤ā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤Ą ā¤•āĨ‹ ā¤¤āĨ‹ā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤Ļ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

[viii] Amylase

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